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By Nick Tilley
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Violence, compensatory crime, detection OR resignation at penalty compliance with punishment Members of ‘marginal’ groups Rapid fall in targeted behaviour and slow resumption Anxiety about uncertain and uncontrollable risk of exposure to shame Members of groups wanting to be deemed ‘respectable’ Conditional crackdowns, applied to membership group following specified behaviours Randomised enforcement/ crackdowns on individuals, with minor penalties Criminal justice measures and mechanisms 37 04/12/2008 11:35:05 Crime Prevention ‘martyrdom’ makes the offender a hero in the eyes of members of his or her community, rather than someone who is disgraced.
At the same time, a relatively small number commit a very large number of crimes, and a few have extended criminal careers. Higherrate offenders and those with longer criminal careers tend to start their criminal careers earlier than more occasional offenders. For these there are more deep-seated sources of criminality. The 2003 Crime and Justice Survey took a random sample of around 12,000 people aged ten to 65 in England and Wales and asked them about their offending behaviour (Budd et al. 2004).
If the answer to either or both of these questions is no, then whatever the potential deterrent benefits from selective arrest practices, such a general policy would be untenable. 3 General deterrence Criminal justice agencies are also often deemed to deliver general deterrence. General deterrence refers to the preventive effects sanctions (or the prospects of them) have for those who are not the direct target of criminal justice efforts. The idea is that seeing others being investigated, tried or punished by the police, courts and penal institutions encourages the rest of us to behave better than we otherwise would.