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Congressional Quarterly, 1990, p. 364. 12. Kraft did not assume this position until 1978 when the Carter administration began to centralize its authority and control over the Cabinet. See Dom Bonafede, “Carter Sounds Retreat from ‘Cabinet Government’,” National Journal, November 18, 1978, p. 1852. 20 MANAGING THE PRESIDENT’S CAMPAIGN 13. For a thorough analysis of the Office of Political Affairs, see Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, “Institutionalized Politics: The White House Office of Political Affairs,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26:2, Spring 1996, pp.

This relatively early start can be explained by Nixon’s plummeting ratings, the congressional losses at the midterm and fear of a tough Democratic challenge. According to Jeb Magruder, an early White House aide-turned-campaign-staff member, “We felt that it was going to be a very difficult race…. 23 His odd succession into office made him the first wholly unelected president—he was neither elected to the vice 34 PRESIDENTS AS CANDIDATES presidency nor the presidency. Thus, Ford had no electoral base to expand upon nor did he have any experience running a nationwide campaign.

44 Developments altering the presidential electoral process have no doubt weakened the role of the party. Whatever void the party created in terms of campaigning and political maneuvering was filled by the president and his staff. A number of reasons account for the party’s declining role in the incumbent’s campaign: voters have lost their psychological attachment to political parties; political reforms and increasing population growth have rendered party machines and grass-roots campaigning obsolete; the expansion of government-sponsored social programs have replaced the party’s role as provider; and, notable events like Vietnam and Watergate have caused core party members to disaffiliate.